What is the overall impact of Orks on galactic politics of the Warhammer 40K?

Orks are a random force of nature in WH40K.
They just are and their purpose and desires are very basic. Reproduce, spread. They take no sides, not even their own, which should give you a great indication in exactly how random in nature they are.
SO in terms of galactic politics they play absolutely zero politics. They play a part only in so much as they must be prepared for, if possible, like any civilisation must prepare for any great natural disaster (particularly if you live in or around known Ork infestated space). So for example, you built your cities in an earthquake prone area, then you'd prepare and build for earthquake resistance. You can't proof against it but you can try to minimise its effects.
 
Orks are what amounts to a giant wall for the various galactic civilizations. They exist for no other purpose then fighting, and find no greater joy then krumpin' a stinkin git on de' noggin.

They only interact with galactic politics by failing to interact. There's no negotiations possible, since all they want is the combat you're trying to avoid by talking to them. Even the Tau finally gave in and declared them unfit to coexist with the Greater Good. This changes the galactic landscape since the majority of the galaxy is apparently colonised by orks.
 
What @JimGoodman and @Terry said is mostly true. However, Orks are capable of negotiations. I believe that in War of the Beast, Orks actually sent an ambassador to High Lords of Terra to demand Imperium's surrender.

I would also add that the Orks cannot be exterminated, since they are essentially living fungi, which reproduce through spores which are released when the orks are killed. Even the mighty Eldar empire before the fall just kept them at bay and didn't even try to exterminate them.
 
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